Section 3

Causes of the Reformation

• The Renaissance emphasis on the secular and individual challenged Church authority
• Rulers challenged church power
• In Germany, it was hard for pope to maintain order of many parts
• northern merchants resented paying church taxes to Rome
• Because of this, Religious movement started

Criticisms of the Catholic Church

• Critics claimed that church leaders were corrupt
• the popes patronized arts, spent money, and fought wars
• Many popes were too busy with worldly affairs to have time for spiritual duties
• Many of the lower people in the church were uneducated and could not read or teach people

Early calls for Reform

• People expected more of Church leaders
• In the late 1300s and early 1400s, John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia had advocated Church reform
• They made clear the authority of the pope (less than bible)
• Erasmus and More joined in
• Many Europeans formed their own beliefs about the Church

Luther Challenges the Church

• Martin Luther was a teacher and monk

The 95 Theses

• In 1517, Luther stood up against friar Johann Tetzel
• He was raising money to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome by indulgences, which was a pardon
• Sinners were freed, and people started to think that indulgences were a free pass to heaven
• Luther, in response wrote the 95 Theses, attacking the "pardon-merchants"
• On October 31, 1517, he posted it on the door of the castle Church in Wittenburg
• His piece got printed and started the Reformation

Luther's Teachings

• People could win salvation only by the faith in Gods gift of forgiveness. The Church taught that faith and "good works" were needed for salvation
• All church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities
• All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them

The Response to Luther

• The Church saw him as a threat

The Pope's Threat

• Pope felt threatened by the fact that Luther was encouraging the people to drive him out
• In 1520, Pope Leo X issued a decree threatening excommunication unless he took back his statements
• Luther did not listen and his students and him burned the decree
• Luther was excommunicated

The Emperors Opposition

• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a devout Catholic, also opposed him
• He controlled even parts of Germany
• He summoned Luther to a trial in Worms
• After a speech made by Luther, Charles V issued an imperial order, the Edict of Worms
• It made Luther a heretic and outlaw
• No one could shelter him or feed him; all books were burned
• Prince Fredrick the Wise of Saxony disobeyed and sheltered and fed him
• There he translated NT into German
• Luther returned to Wittenburg in 1522 to find his ideas being practiced
• These ideas made up Lutheranism, which he became a part of

The Peasants' Revolt

• In 1524, German peasants revolted as they were excited about freedoms in Reformation
• Luther was scared and encouraged the army to show the peasants no mercy, 100,000 people died
• Many felt betrayed and rejected Luther's religious leadership

Germany at War

• Many German princes (later Protestants) went up against Princes loyal to the Pope
• The loyals defeated the Protestants in 1547 but they never went back to Catholicism
• In 1555, all princes assembled in Augsburg and agreed that Princes could decide what religion they want
• This became known as the Peace of Augsburg

England Becomes Protestant

Henry VIII Wants a Son

• Became king of England in 1509
• Devout Catholic
• "Defender of the Faith"
• Needed a male heir for he was scared a war would start without one
• Needed a son, his wife- Catharine of Aragnon- had a daughter, but they didn't take the throne well
• Henry wanted to divorce Catharine after in 1527 he convinced her that she was infertile
• The pope did not annul them, or let them divorce

The Reformation Parliament

• Henry took matters into his own hands
• In 1529, he called Parliament into session and asked for them to pass a set of laws that ended the popes power in England
• In 1533, Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn who was in her twenties
• Parliament was able to legally end his past marriage and it called people to take an oath recognizing this divorce
• Thomas More was imprisoned in the Tower of London for treason since he did not take the oath
• He was executed

Consequences of Henry's Changes

• Anne had a daughter and then divorces Henry
• In 1536, he married Jane Seymour who gave him his son Edward in 1537
• He had three more marriages, with no more children
• Edward took power in 1547 after his fathers death at 9 years old
• He was guided by protestants, who introduced Protestants to the English Church
• He only ruled for 6 years due to ill health
• Mary, daughter of Catherine took over
• She was Catholic and returned the England Church to the rule of the pope
• There was much resistance and there was many protestants executed

Elizabeth Restores Protestantism

• She was determined to return her kingdom to Protestantism
• Following her wishes, the Parliament set up the church of England, or Anglican Church
• It pleased Protestants because priests could marry
• To please Catholics, they kept some of the Catholic service

Elizabeth Faces other Challenges

• Religious peace but there were religion problems
• Protestants wanted more reforms
• Catholics tried to overthrow her and replace her with her cousin, The Catholic Mary Queen of Scots
• She also faced threats from Phillip II, King of Spain
• In the late 1500s, American colonies were being built and helped England economically but not Elizabeth directly
• Her constant need for money carried over to the next reign and cause issues between monarchs and Parliament

1. a. Indulgence is basically religious pardons

b. The Reformation was started by Martin Luther, who fought against indulgence

c. Lutherans were followers of Martin Luther's ideas

d. Protestant people were Princes who opposed the princes who supported the pope

e. The Peace of Augsburg was the meeting that ended the conflict between Protestants and Catholics

f. The pope could annul someone which meant ending the marriage if it was illegal in the first place

g. Anglican was a mixture of Catholicism and Protestantism

3. Martin Luther was upset with indulgence, the popes power and the Church of England.

4. The term Protestantism came from the princes who protested the pope

5. His children helped to both create religious peace, but also political turmoil

Textbook Notes

Northern Renaissance Begins

• population decline due to plague
• But was rising
• Cities grew rapidly
• France and England under strong monarchs
• Renaissance culture spread beyond Italy

Artistic Ideas Spread

• In 1494 a French king claimed the throne of Naples in southern Italy and attacked northern Italy
• Artist fled north and brought with them culture of Renaissance
• Artist from up north studying in Italy took their knowledge to their homelands

German Painters

• Albrecht Durer did this
• Carved and painted religious objects and landscapes
• Realism
• Hans Holbein the Young did this with portraits and painted pictures of the English Royal Family

Flemish Painters

• The support of wealthy merchant family in Flanders made it the artistic center of Northern Europe
• Famous Flander Renaissance painter Jan Van Eyck oil painted on pre mature newly painted walls
• By using this, he could create a variety of subtle colors in colors 
• Oil painting became popular in Italy
• In 1550, Flamish painting reached its peak when Pieter Bruegel the Elder created realistic paintings of everyday peasant life

Northern Writers Try to Reform Society

• Italian Humanist wanted to reform society to its former glory
• the northern Humanist were critical of the failure of the Catholic Church and wanted to convert people to Christianity
• The focus of Christian Humanism was to reform society and education
• Women were able to learn and they founded boys and girls schools

Christian Humanist

• Desiderius Erasmus of Holland and Thomas More of England, close friends and Christian Humanist
• Erasmus in 1509 wrote, The Praise of the Folly
• book poked greedy merchant, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests
• He believed in Christianity of heart, not ceremonies or rituals
• He thought people had to read bible to reform society
• More wrote, Utopia
• About imaginary land where greed, corruption and war are no more
• In the book, money was of little use
• His work was translated into many languages as it was very popular

Women's Reforms

• Women did not read or write
• Christine de Pizan was one of the first educated women and earned a living as a writer
• Wrote in french, short stories, book, novels, biographies, manuals on military technique
• The Book of the City Ladies
• wrote of objections men had of educated women
• one of the first of writers to questions differences of sexes
• Her goals of equality did not happen for a long time

The Elizabethan Age

• Queen Elizabeth I (reigned from 1558- 1603)
• Educated
• Supported development of English and arts and literature

William Shakespeare

• Regarded as greatest playwright of all time
• Born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon
• In 1592 he was in England writing poems and plays and soon would be performing in Globe Theatre
• Revered classics and drew on them for inspiration and plot
• Works display a masterful command of the English language
• Revealed souls of Men and Women in scenes of dramatic conflict
• Plays examine human flaws
• Macbeth
• Hamlet
• Othello
• Romeo and Juliet
• King Lear

The Legacy of the Renaissance

• Great period of change in arts and social aspects of society

Changes in Arts

• Arts drew on techniques of Greece and Rome
• More realistic
• Secular and Religious
• Vernacular languages used to write
• The arts praised individual achievement

Changes in Society

• Printing made information more available and inexpensive
• More books caused more desire to learn
• Published accounts of new discoveries, maps, and charts led to further discoveries in a variety of fields
• Published legal proceedings made people understand their rights more
• Christian Humanists' attempts to reform society changed views about howl life should be lived
• People began to question political structures and religious practices

1. a. Thomas More wrote a book called Utopia, which was about an imaginary land where many of the negative aspects of life were no more

b. William Shakespeare was a famous playwright who lived during the Elizabethan Era

c. Johann Gutenburg created the printing press, which made it easier and less expensive to distribute information

3. Durer's work proved that Italian Renaissance culture had a great influence on Northern European society

4. Printing made information more available and inexpensive

5. The printing press made it easy to spread information and religious pieces at an inexpensive rate

More Notes

• fashionista and even designed her own perfume
• Patron of da Vinvi, Raphael Michaelgelo, Bellini, Correggio, and many, many others
• personification of how much good a patron can do

What patronage got you

• Nativity, by Antonio da Correggio
• 1529-1530
• 101 in. by 74 in. 

evolving values

humanism

• deep interest in what people have already achieved, as well as what they are capable of achieving in the future
• its not a coincidence that humanism resembles the Greek idea of arete

Classical (ancient Greek, ancient Roman) writings were important to them

Worldly (secular) values were essential- concerned with the here and now

Christian values were still important, but separate from secular values

Renaissance Man, and Woman

Someone who could master many fields of work

Great example of a Renaissance Woman: Isabella d'Este although women were not expected to create art, just inspired artists

The ultimate Renaissance Man: Leonardo da Vinci

painter

inventor
scientist

Artistic Styles and methods- sculpture

Scultors made realistic figures, such as Pieta

Carved from marble by Michelangelo from 1498-1499

Found in St. peter's Basilica in Vatican City

Painting

Painters used perspective- using shadow and depth create the illusion of three dimensions

They sometimes painted Frescoes

• a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid, wet lime plaster
• a pigment merges with the plaster, so the painting becomes an integral part of the wall (or ceiling!)

Literature

• writers wrote in the vernacular- their native language
• Previously, most scholarly ('important") writing was in Latin or Greek
• Now, literature was more accessible to the masses
• They wrote to express their own thoughts and feelings
• Shakespeare wrote in english
• Dante Alighieri (The Divine Comedy) wrote about Hell in italian
• Niccolo Machiavelli wrote in italian
• The theme of Machiavelli's The Prince was that the aims of princes-such as glory and survival- can justify the use of immoral means to achieve those ends

Northern Renaissance

The ideas and attitudes about the Renaissance moved from Italy northward

Up north, the classical (Greek and Roman) learning and the humanistic approach was combined with religious ideas

Learning spread rapidly, mostly due to one major invention...

The printing press (Feat. The Movable Type)

• The Chinese had invented the printing press centuries before, but Johannes Gutenburg revolutionized it in Germany in 1439
• One of them most important and impact inventions in history

European Renaissance and Reformation

1300-1600

Northern Italy: birthplace of Renaissance

Renaissance = rebirth
(rebirth of art and learning)

• cities were center of action
• Milan and Florence had wealthy merchants and bankers
• Artist in these cities were inspired by the former splendor of classical Greece and Rome

Merchants and Medici

• Merchants dominated political life
• The Medici were a powerful banking family
• They paid artist, writers, the musicians to create beautiful works of art
• They were patrons

A Super-Patron: Isabella d'Este

• Educated, brilliant
• A gifted singer, lute player, innovative dancer
• Wealthy, powerful parents
• She sponsored painters, sculptors, musicians

New unit

1. a. Renaissance is a term that means "re birth".
b. Humanism is a term that means an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievement.
c. Secular was a term that means the basic spirit of society back then was worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with here and now.
d. Patron is a term meaning a guardian. supporter or protector of something
e. Perspective is a term which shows three dimensions on a flat surface.
f. Vernacular was a term meaning native language.

3. Both a Renaissance man and woman show qualities of having all types of talents, men more so than women (who mainly focused on classics and being charming). They believed the ideal person did all sorts of things.

4. Italy's cities turned to art as the plague literally plagued businesses and economics, thus creating the Renaissance.

5. Throughout the Renaissance, even church leaders began to have large and expensive worldly possessions. This is because the basic spirit of society was secular. 

TEST ;)

Today we took the test in class. I studied really hard but I know there were like 5 problems I was a bit iffy on. Hopefully I still get an A. That's all for today!


CORRECTION: I checked, and I think I did pretty well, I GUESS WE JUST HAVE TO WAIT!

REVIEW

Latins- Tiber river and Palatine
Etruscans and Greeks- they had many colonies and ideas used by Rome
Tarquin the Proud seventh and final king of Rome
Tarquins son Sextus tried to rape Lucretia (older gentle woman; matron)
Sextus was going to kill her and spread rumors about her and a slave if she doesn't let him rape her
Ends up comitting suicide because of the rumors

new government
democracy
aristocracy(the senate-300 people)
monarch (the consuls)
res publica- the peoples affairs
US modeled Rome's government
Both have executive
both have judicial
both had legislative
both had written code of laws

STUDY GOVERNMENT SLIDES

SPQR- Senatus Popolusque Romanum
law made by "The Roman Senate and people"

5000- legion
80- century


1, 2, &3 Punic Wars

3- carthage is no more, 50,000 people were put into slavery

latifundia- massive estates that were once small farms

bread and circuses (DISTRACTION)

JC crosses the rubicon with all of his men and marches into Rome
becomes VERY popular

triumvirate

made people happy, helped poor people

made friends in high places

serves as consul, governor of Gaul, rivals Pompey

appoints himself dictator while in 6 month dictatorial term (44 B.C.)

grants citizenship to those in provinces, more people in republic, more people can be in senate, creates jobs for the poor, increased pay for soldiers, started colonies for those whom didn't own land

sic semper tyrannis- Thus always to tyrants

he rose to too much power

Octavian ('adopted son') reigns to power as much as JC had

new triumvirate

Augustus- exalted one

Imperator- supreme military commander

Now empire

BUTTTTT starts Pax Romana

He builts roads, postal services, tax collecting, grain supply, public facilities

Final emperor slides
1. Tiberius- Didn't wanna be emperor, left Rome after death of Son
2. Caligula- Pervert, 4 years, Tyrant, assasinated by praetorian guards, senators, imperial court. Tried to bring back Republic
3. Claudius- GREAT ruler, cerebral palsy, may have been looked down upon; killed by poisoning by wife
4. Nero- huge fire in 64, built it more magestic, hugely overspent, raided temples for money; historians did not like him

First Normal Day

Here is some of the notes we took today:

More Information

• 5000 soldiers, not in it for pay (not yet)
• the Roman army’s elite heavy infantry
• recruited exclusively from Roman citizens

• group of eighty’s a century
• on horseback is the cavalry
• shield, sword, dagger, and armor and tunic

The Punic Wars:
264-146 B.C.
Rome vs. Carthage

First Punic War

(264 - 241 BCE)

• naval battles for control of the strategically located island of Sicily
• Rome wins this one

Second Punic War (218 - 201 BCE)

• 29-year-old Carthaginian general Hannibal almost does the impossible: taking Rome
• attacks Rome from the NORTH after crossing Iberia (Spain) and the Alps

lays siege to much of the peninsula for 15 years, but he never can get to Rome

Rome 2, Carthage 0

The Third Punic War

• Rome wanted to finally remove the threat of Carthage
• Scipio, Tiberius Gracchus, and others mercilessly attacked the city
• Carthage was burned for 17 days; the city’s walls and buildings were utterly destroyed
• when the war ended, the last 50,000 people in the city were sold into slavery
• the rest of Carthage’s territories were annexed, and made into the Roman province of Africa

Upheaval

• slaves poured into Italy (50,000 Carthaginians, 150,000 Greek POWs, etc.)
• by the end of the second century BCE there were over a million slaves in Italy
• small farmers lost their land to aristocrats (for little or no money) if they couldn’t pay their debts, sometimes because the men of the farm were fighting battles
• slaves did the work on the farms for the rich

the big farms became massive estates called latifundia

Bread and Circuses ( written by Poet: Juvenal) was a concept used to manipulate the poor people or plebs to think that they had a good life, and that the government was good

A Change in Rule

• Tiberius Gracchus recognized the advantages of courting the plebeians (even though he was ultimately unsuccessful)(tried to get them to be loyal)
• military generals worked that angle - lead an army that conquers a land, then give them a share in the spoils
• soldiers’ loyalty was to their military leader, not necessarily to Rome or the Republic

Pompey, Crassus and Julius Caesar in the first triumvirate

"Crossing the Rubicon"- Crossing the point of no return (where he made the decision on how to enter)

Government upset because triumvirate power was growing

J.C.'s return was grand after he had conquered Gaul; disobeying the senate

Julius Caesar siezes power

• Serves as consul (one year)
• Appoints himself governor of Gaul
• Pompey is jealous, becomes his rival
• Caesar’s armies clash with Pompey’s in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt (Caesar - winning!)

In 44BC he is named dictator - first for six months, then for life

Caesar's Reforms

• Granted citizenship to people in provinces
• Expanded the Senate, adding his friends
• Created jobs for the poor, especially through public works projects
• Increased pay for soldiers
• Started colonies where those without land could own property

Sic semper tyrannis; Thus always to tyrants! (Caesars death)

The senators who murdered him didn't get punished

Octavian named sole heir

At the battle of Actium, Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra

Pax Romana Latin for Roman Peace

Day 8

The Legacy of Greco-Roman Culture

• Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman cultures combined

Roman Fine Arts

• Sculptures now more realistic
• Bas relief is a type of sculpture, images from a flat background
• Also had mosaics
• Many rich homes had at least one mosaic
• Also painters
• Most famous paintings found in Pompeii, as early as 2nd century B.C.
• In 79 A.D., Mount Vesuvius erupted and killed 2000 people and covered the city in ashes, which preserved the city and art

Learning and Literature

• Stoicism- virtue, duty, moderation and endurance, philosophy of the Greek teacher Zeno
• Literature used knowledge of Greeks but had new themes and ideas
• Virgil was a poet who wrote the Aeneid, which took ten years to write
• Ovid wrote light and witty things unlike Virgil
• He wrote Amores
• Wrote history
• Livy compiled a multivolume history of Rome from its orgins to 9 B.C.
• Tacticus was a famous historian because he stated facts accurately
• Annals and Histories
• Wrote of Good and Bad of Rome

The Good and Bad of Rome

The Latin Language

• Language of Rome
• Taught even after the fall of the Western Roman empire
• Was the official language of the Catholic Church through the 20th century
• Latin developed into French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian
• Those were all romance languages
• English had about half of its words derived from Latin

Master Builders

• Build arch, dome and used concrete
• Built spectacular things such as the Colosseum
• Archs supported bridges and aqueducts (these were up high)
• Aqueducts brought waters to cities and towns
• Many structures are inspired by this around the world
• Thomas Jefferson began a Roman revival in the 18th century

Roman System of Law

• Standards of justice
• Standards were influenced by Stoic philosophers
• All persons had equal treatment under the law
• A person was considered innocent till guilty
• The burden of proof rested with the accuser rather than the accused
• A person should be punished only for actions not thoughts
• Any law that is grossly unfair or unreasonable should be set aside
• Inspired many political systems

Rome's Enduring Influence

• Preserved both Greek and Roman culture even past the fall of Western Rome
• Historian R.H. Barrow stated Rome never fell because it has turned into an even greater idea, it has achieved immortality
• It was not the only complex empire of its time
• In India, the Mauryan and Gupta empires dominated the land, while the Han empire ruled over China

1. a. Greco-Roman culture was Hellenistic, Greek, and Roman cultures combined

b. Pompeii was a city in the Roman empire which was covered with ash after the eruption of a volcano; the ash preserved much art and buildings

c. Virgil was the famous poet who wrote the Aeneid

d. Tacticus was a famous historian who wrote facts accurately

e. An aqueduct was a structure used to bring water into cities and towns

5. Latin evolved into many modern languages used in the west. All of these considered romance languages

Day 7

Just like Rome once did, the United States it falling. Both Rome and the United States experienced and are experiencing problems and disasters capable of causing the fall of government and society. These problems and disasters are as follows:

The causes of destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest

• Rome- as time went on, destruction of their cities grew 
• U.S.- As time goes on, and we attack foreign nations, our vulnerability to attack increases (9/11, Pearl Harbor etc.  

The destruction of Roman military power can be traced back to the fall of its government

• Rome- the government was the military's sole supporter and leader, without it, it cannot function
• U.S.- If we function the same way as Rome once did (we do), we will also face a problem in which we have no military. This problem is a looming threat as our government is filled with what many would say corrupt individuals instead of a peaceful and effective team

Rome's political system was in a downfall

• Rome- Their system of one ruler was abolished, reinstated, and abolished once more. Their political power system caused the corruption of several individuals and 2 civil wars. Their inability to solve this issue led to the governments demise and as a result, the empires
• U.S.- Though we do not question our nations political power system, our government does have its fair share of faults.Like Rome, we find many corrupt individuals who are power hungry and individuals who think for themselves, instead of for the people, and what will benefit them. Our politicians could be the sole reason for our governments downfall, most likely by American citizen upheaval  

Attacks by Attila the Hun

• Rome- This only weakened its nation and drew citizens away from their patriotism for their country
• U.S.- Wars are seemingly constantly fought outside of our country, and as we see, nations are weakened severely because of it. With our already doomed political system, we could face the same fate the Romans once did if we were to get attacked and/or invaded

Day 6

A Century of Crisis

• The end of the reign of Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161-180) ended Pax Romana
• People didn't know how to rule; Rome declined

Rome's economy weakens

• Hostile tribes blocked trade
• no more land to conquer
• resources limited
• more taxes
• inflation- drop in value of money, higher prices
• land became infertile due to over farm
• food shortages, death, disease

Military and Political Turmoil

• soldiers loyalty and discipline declined, only towards general fighting each other for throne
• government recruited mercenaries; got paid less
• citizens less loyal

Emperors Attempt Reform

Diocletian Reforms the Empire (284 A.D.)

• more strict
• less rights
• less inflation by set prices
• made himself seem like a god, or have godly aura
• doubled size of Rome
• split in half
• Latin speaking in west (Italy, Gual, Britian, Spain)- co ruler
• Greek speaking in east- Diocletian (Greece, Anatolia, Syria, Egypt)
• retired in 305 A.D. due to illness
• civil war broke out, by 311, 4 rulers fought for power
• Among them was Constantine

Constantine Moves the Capital

• Gained control on western part of empire in 312 A.D. 
• continued many of the same social and economic policies
• in 324 A.D. he gained control of East, thus restoring concept of a single ruler
• In 330 A.D. he moved the capital to the Greek city of Byzantium
• Center shifted, walls would be built, new name of Constantinople
• After Constantine's death, it split once more
• The west fell while the east survives

The Western Empire Crumbles

Germanic Invasions

• Since the rule of Julius, the people of the northern boarder coexisted peacefully
• Around 370 A.D., that all changed
• Mongol nomads called Huns from central Asia moved into the region and destroyed all in their path
• In attempt to flee, Germanic people pushed into Rome
• Romans referred to invaders as Barbarians (any non-Roman)
• They kept moving through Roman provinces of Gaul, Spain and North Africa
• Western empire couldn't make army to stop them
• In 410 A.D., Germans overran Rome itself and plundered it for three days

Attila the Hun

• In 444, the Huns united under a powerful chieftain named Attila
• With his 100,000 soldiers he terrorized both parts of the empire
• they attacked and plundered 70 cities (failed for Constantinople; walls)
• Swept to west
• In 452 A.D., Attila's forces advanced against Rome, but famine and disease stopped them from conquering Rome
• After Attila's death in 453, the Huns stopped being a threat, but Germanic invasions continued

An Empire No More

• Last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, 14, was ousted by German forces in 476
• No ruler even pretended to rule the western half of Rome after that
• Eastern half later called Byzantine Empire
• flourished
• preserved Greek and Roman culture for 1,000 years
• Emperors ruled from Constantinople and saw themselves as heirs to Augustus Caesar
• Empire endured until 1453, when it fell to the Ottoman Turks
• Rome's culture lived on even when Rome did not

1. a. Inflation is when the value of money lowers and prices raise, this happened in Rome but was later reformed

b. A mercenary is a hired soldier from another country

c. Diocletian was a very powerful and innovative Roman emperor who brought reform to Rome and was the first to split it into halves.

d. Constantinople, also known as Byzantium before was the new capital of Rome named after Constantine

e. Attila was a very powerful Hun leader whom made an army of 100,000 and invaded and plundered more than 70 cities throughout Rome

3. The main internal causes were politics, economics and military

4. He split the empire in half which would make it easier to rule since Rome was becoming to large, this, farther down the road helped preserve Roman AND Greek culture for another 1000 years

5. They began invading because they were fleeing the Huns

Day 5

The Life and Teachings of Jesus

• Rome took power of the Jewish kingdom in 6 A.D.
• Jews thought they could be saved from a messiah that eventually came

Jesus of Nazareth

• Born 4 A.D. to 6 A.D.
• Baptized by John the Baptist
• began public ministry at 30
• Teachings from Jewish Tradition
• Stressed importance of Gods love and loving your neighbors
• God would end wickedness

A Growing Movement

• Gospels tell about his time on Earth
• Ignored wealth

Jesus' Death

• In 29 A.D.- people greeted him as messiah in Jerusalem
• Died under rule of Roman governor Pontious Pilate
• Died on cross
• laid in tomb
• rose from the dead 3 days later

Christianity Spread through the Empire

• People eventually changed Jesus' Jewish teachings into a new form of religion, Christianity
• It spread throughout the empire

Paul's Mission

• Had an enormous influence on Christianity
• While traveling to Damascus in Syria, he had a vision of Jesus and taught about him the rest of his life
• Wrote famous letters called Epistles during the Pax Romana period
• Declared that Christianity should welcome all converts

Jewish Rebellion

In 66 A.D., a group of Jews rebelled against Rome, three years later, they stormed Jerusalem and destroyed a Temple complex

• All that remained was a western portion of that wall which still remains today
• The Jewish fortress near Masada held out until 73 A.D.
• About half a million Jews were killed overall
• In 132 A.D., they tried to break free, resulting in 500,000 more deaths
• Jewish political state ceased to exist for more than 1800 years, though the religion itself held strong

Persecution of Christians

• Christians didn't believe in Roman Gods
• They got angry
• Pax Romana ended and thousands of Christians were killed, imprisoned or exiled
• Those who were killed were looked at as martyrs

A World Religion

• Christianity continued to spread
• they embraced all people
• appealed to those who were repelled by the extravagances of imperial Rome
• offered a personal relationship with a loving God
• promised eternal life after death

Constantine accepts Christianity

• In 312 A.D., the Roman Emperor Constantine went to the Tiber river to battle his chief rival
• He prayed before the battle and reported seeing an image of a cross
• Eventually he won and gave credit to God
• In the year 313 A.D., he officially ended the persecution of Christians 
• In the Edict of Milan, he declared Christianity to be one of the regions approved by the emperor
• Theodosius, emperor made it the official Roman religion in 380 A.D.

Early Christian Church

• Christianity worked as a hierarchy
• A priest led one church, a bishop led many churches
• Peter, whom was the 'rock' of Christianity became the first Pope
• Bishop of Rome is pope

A Single Voice

• Conflicts erupted about beliefs
• Gospels were formed
• In 325 A.D., Constantine called church leaders to Nicaea and created the Nicene Creed

The Fathers of the Church

• Early writers were influential on the church; called Fathers of the Church
• Augustine of Hippo; bishop in 396
• Taught humans needed the grace of God to be saved
• Could no receive Gods grace unless you belonged to the church and received sacraments
• Wrote "The City of God"
• Important cities such as Rome were not as important because the City of God could not be destroyed

Rome was slowly weakening while Christianity continued to grow stronger

1. a. Jesus was the long awaited savior by the Jews.

b. An apostle was a person who spread Jesus' word even after his death

c. Paul was one of the apostles whom wrote famous letters called epistle letters

d. Diaspora was the dispersion of Jews beyond Israel

e. Constantine was a Roman emperor whom declared Christianity the religion supported by emperor; also organized the Council at Nicaea

f. A bishop was a level of the Christian hierarchy

g. Peter was an apostle whom Jesus built his church upon

h. The pope is the highest ranking in the Christian hierarchy

3. Jesus stressed the importance of Gods love and to love your neighbors

4. Christians faced persecution because they did not believe in Roman gods

5. The Nicene Creed laid down a set of beliefs for all Christians to beleive

Day 4

Well, you got the Etruscans and the Greeks

But the Latins came first

To the shores of the River Tiber

They drained a swamp

Next thing you know

Livin’ in Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome

Now Tarquin’s kinda proud

But he got a little loud

They turned around and ran that tyrant outta town

Next thing you know

No kings no more

Happened in Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome

 

Hey, we got three governments rolled into one

Patricians and plebeians havin’ some fun

Two consuls gotta be better than one

Brand new republic ready to run

Democracy

Aristocracy

Plus monarchy

Not a tyranny

Ho-o-o-old up, wait a minute, do I see what I think I… hey!

That’s a Roman legion clear as day

5000 soldiers (not in it for pay)

Group of eighty’s a century

On horseback is the cavalry

Shield, sword, dagger, and armor and tunic

Fightin ’gainst Carthage in wars that are Punic

Hannibal riding on elephant back

Crossing the Alps just to launch his attack

So now you get the picture

All the rich are getting richer

And they’re livin’ on the latifundia

Farmers can’t cope

They’re low on hope

They moved to Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome

I can hear the brothers Gracchus

Sayin, “Rich, please don’t attack us!”

“We got a feeling that the senators will whack us”

They hit the floor

Next thing you know

It’s civil war, war, war, war, war, war, war, war

Hey, let me take you back to 60 BC

It’s the start of the rise of Julius C

He grabbed two dudes and he formed a team

It’s a triumvirate -- that’s a group of three

“Crassus (come on), Pompey (come on), I’m JC! (come on)

We three will rule!

What you think I'm playin, baby girl?  I'm the man!

I'm conquering Gaul!”

All of his soldiers gave him their devotion

That’s why he swept over Gaul just like an ocean

Pompey couldn’t understand all the commotion

When he crossed the Rubicon, he kept up motion

It’s just like a potion

Caesar had self-locomotion

Power’s an ambitious emotion

Dictator is not a demotion

It’s a promotion

But in 44 BC

On a day called March 15 (Ides of March)

Brutus and the Senate murdered Julius C

He hit the floor

Next thing you know

Caesar’s no more, more, more, more, more, more, more, more

You know he’s so depressed

23 stab wounds in his chest

He saw his friend and he raised one last protest

“Et tu, Brute?” (Et tu, Brute?)

That’s what he say

Cuz he felt low, low, low, low, low, low, low, low

 

Only eighteen, Octavian makin’ the scene

He says, “I tell you what,

Got a new triumvirate

Here’s my boy Lepidus

And Mark Antony I trust”

(‘Til Marky met this chick

Cleopatra from Egypt)

Octavian was freakin’

Lust for power started peakin’

“Don’t try to play me or my navy,

At Actium you won’t slay me”

“O” won that game

Did explain

Now Augustus was his name

All his subjects did proclaim

He’s in the Roman Hall of Fame

Twenty-seven BC

For a couple hundred years (207)

Pax Romana is the word that brings the cheers

They’re on a roll

They built some roads

Leading to Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome

Slaves don’t have many rights and

Then there’s gladiator fightin’ (Ow!)

People find the Circus Maximus excitin’

Blood on the floor (knee-deep in gore)

And now you know

All about Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome, Rome

(C'mon!)

Above is the rap about Rome. Compared to the textbook information, this provides much of the information needed to learn about Rome. The textbook does go into more detail about Pax Romana thoug the raps information about Romes government exceeds the information of the textbook. Caesars reign over Rome as well as the 2 triumvirates don't show as much information as the textbook but they both show a lot about the rulers. The PowerPoint explains Romes first inhabitants in more depth then the textbook does, as well as the beginnings of Rome. Overall, the information of the rap focuses on the beginnings of Rome and government, while the textbook focuses on the end and Pax Romana period of Rome.

Also, here's the rest of the notes:

• slaves poured into Italy (50,000 Carthaginians, 150,000 Greek POWs, etc.)
• by the end of the second century BCE there were over a million slaves in Italy
• small farmers lost their land to aristocrats (for little or no money) if they couldn’t pay their debts, sometimes because the men of the farm were fighting battles
• slaves did the work on the farms for the rich

the big farms became massive estates called latifundia

• Tiberius Gracchus recognized the advantages of courting the plebeians (even though he was ultimately unsuccessful)
• military generals worked that angle - lead an army that conquers a land, then give them a share in the spoils
• soldiers’ loyalty was to their military leader, not necessarily to Rome or the Republic

• Octavians (Ruled for 40 years during Pax Romana) accomplishments
• Expanded the Roman Empire further into Africa
• He set up civil service to run the government/empire
• Building a network of roads
• Collecting taxes
• Establishing a postal service
• Administering the grain supply
• Building awesome public facilities
• Buildings, aqueducts
• • Setting up a police department
  • Running a fire-fighting organization
  Finally died of natural causes