Section 3

Causes of the Reformation

• The Renaissance emphasis on the secular and individual challenged Church authority
• Rulers challenged church power
• In Germany, it was hard for pope to maintain order of many parts
• northern merchants resented paying church taxes to Rome
• Because of this, Religious movement started

Criticisms of the Catholic Church

• Critics claimed that church leaders were corrupt
• the popes patronized arts, spent money, and fought wars
• Many popes were too busy with worldly affairs to have time for spiritual duties
• Many of the lower people in the church were uneducated and could not read or teach people

Early calls for Reform

• People expected more of Church leaders
• In the late 1300s and early 1400s, John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia had advocated Church reform
• They made clear the authority of the pope (less than bible)
• Erasmus and More joined in
• Many Europeans formed their own beliefs about the Church

Luther Challenges the Church

• Martin Luther was a teacher and monk

The 95 Theses

• In 1517, Luther stood up against friar Johann Tetzel
• He was raising money to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome by indulgences, which was a pardon
• Sinners were freed, and people started to think that indulgences were a free pass to heaven
• Luther, in response wrote the 95 Theses, attacking the "pardon-merchants"
• On October 31, 1517, he posted it on the door of the castle Church in Wittenburg
• His piece got printed and started the Reformation

Luther's Teachings

• People could win salvation only by the faith in Gods gift of forgiveness. The Church taught that faith and "good works" were needed for salvation
• All church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities
• All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them

The Response to Luther

• The Church saw him as a threat

The Pope's Threat

• Pope felt threatened by the fact that Luther was encouraging the people to drive him out
• In 1520, Pope Leo X issued a decree threatening excommunication unless he took back his statements
• Luther did not listen and his students and him burned the decree
• Luther was excommunicated

The Emperors Opposition

• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a devout Catholic, also opposed him
• He controlled even parts of Germany
• He summoned Luther to a trial in Worms
• After a speech made by Luther, Charles V issued an imperial order, the Edict of Worms
• It made Luther a heretic and outlaw
• No one could shelter him or feed him; all books were burned
• Prince Fredrick the Wise of Saxony disobeyed and sheltered and fed him
• There he translated NT into German
• Luther returned to Wittenburg in 1522 to find his ideas being practiced
• These ideas made up Lutheranism, which he became a part of

The Peasants' Revolt

• In 1524, German peasants revolted as they were excited about freedoms in Reformation
• Luther was scared and encouraged the army to show the peasants no mercy, 100,000 people died
• Many felt betrayed and rejected Luther's religious leadership

Germany at War

• Many German princes (later Protestants) went up against Princes loyal to the Pope
• The loyals defeated the Protestants in 1547 but they never went back to Catholicism
• In 1555, all princes assembled in Augsburg and agreed that Princes could decide what religion they want
• This became known as the Peace of Augsburg

England Becomes Protestant

Henry VIII Wants a Son

• Became king of England in 1509
• Devout Catholic
• "Defender of the Faith"
• Needed a male heir for he was scared a war would start without one
• Needed a son, his wife- Catharine of Aragnon- had a daughter, but they didn't take the throne well
• Henry wanted to divorce Catharine after in 1527 he convinced her that she was infertile
• The pope did not annul them, or let them divorce

The Reformation Parliament

• Henry took matters into his own hands
• In 1529, he called Parliament into session and asked for them to pass a set of laws that ended the popes power in England
• In 1533, Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn who was in her twenties
• Parliament was able to legally end his past marriage and it called people to take an oath recognizing this divorce
• Thomas More was imprisoned in the Tower of London for treason since he did not take the oath
• He was executed

Consequences of Henry's Changes

• Anne had a daughter and then divorces Henry
• In 1536, he married Jane Seymour who gave him his son Edward in 1537
• He had three more marriages, with no more children
• Edward took power in 1547 after his fathers death at 9 years old
• He was guided by protestants, who introduced Protestants to the English Church
• He only ruled for 6 years due to ill health
• Mary, daughter of Catherine took over
• She was Catholic and returned the England Church to the rule of the pope
• There was much resistance and there was many protestants executed

Elizabeth Restores Protestantism

• She was determined to return her kingdom to Protestantism
• Following her wishes, the Parliament set up the church of England, or Anglican Church
• It pleased Protestants because priests could marry
• To please Catholics, they kept some of the Catholic service

Elizabeth Faces other Challenges

• Religious peace but there were religion problems
• Protestants wanted more reforms
• Catholics tried to overthrow her and replace her with her cousin, The Catholic Mary Queen of Scots
• She also faced threats from Phillip II, King of Spain
• In the late 1500s, American colonies were being built and helped England economically but not Elizabeth directly
• Her constant need for money carried over to the next reign and cause issues between monarchs and Parliament

1. a. Indulgence is basically religious pardons

b. The Reformation was started by Martin Luther, who fought against indulgence

c. Lutherans were followers of Martin Luther's ideas

d. Protestant people were Princes who opposed the princes who supported the pope

e. The Peace of Augsburg was the meeting that ended the conflict between Protestants and Catholics

f. The pope could annul someone which meant ending the marriage if it was illegal in the first place

g. Anglican was a mixture of Catholicism and Protestantism

3. Martin Luther was upset with indulgence, the popes power and the Church of England.

4. The term Protestantism came from the princes who protested the pope

5. His children helped to both create religious peace, but also political turmoil

Textbook Notes

Northern Renaissance Begins

• population decline due to plague
• But was rising
• Cities grew rapidly
• France and England under strong monarchs
• Renaissance culture spread beyond Italy

Artistic Ideas Spread

• In 1494 a French king claimed the throne of Naples in southern Italy and attacked northern Italy
• Artist fled north and brought with them culture of Renaissance
• Artist from up north studying in Italy took their knowledge to their homelands

German Painters

• Albrecht Durer did this
• Carved and painted religious objects and landscapes
• Realism
• Hans Holbein the Young did this with portraits and painted pictures of the English Royal Family

Flemish Painters

• The support of wealthy merchant family in Flanders made it the artistic center of Northern Europe
• Famous Flander Renaissance painter Jan Van Eyck oil painted on pre mature newly painted walls
• By using this, he could create a variety of subtle colors in colors 
• Oil painting became popular in Italy
• In 1550, Flamish painting reached its peak when Pieter Bruegel the Elder created realistic paintings of everyday peasant life

Northern Writers Try to Reform Society

• Italian Humanist wanted to reform society to its former glory
• the northern Humanist were critical of the failure of the Catholic Church and wanted to convert people to Christianity
• The focus of Christian Humanism was to reform society and education
• Women were able to learn and they founded boys and girls schools

Christian Humanist

• Desiderius Erasmus of Holland and Thomas More of England, close friends and Christian Humanist
• Erasmus in 1509 wrote, The Praise of the Folly
• book poked greedy merchant, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests
• He believed in Christianity of heart, not ceremonies or rituals
• He thought people had to read bible to reform society
• More wrote, Utopia
• About imaginary land where greed, corruption and war are no more
• In the book, money was of little use
• His work was translated into many languages as it was very popular

Women's Reforms

• Women did not read or write
• Christine de Pizan was one of the first educated women and earned a living as a writer
• Wrote in french, short stories, book, novels, biographies, manuals on military technique
• The Book of the City Ladies
• wrote of objections men had of educated women
• one of the first of writers to questions differences of sexes
• Her goals of equality did not happen for a long time

The Elizabethan Age

• Queen Elizabeth I (reigned from 1558- 1603)
• Educated
• Supported development of English and arts and literature

William Shakespeare

• Regarded as greatest playwright of all time
• Born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon
• In 1592 he was in England writing poems and plays and soon would be performing in Globe Theatre
• Revered classics and drew on them for inspiration and plot
• Works display a masterful command of the English language
• Revealed souls of Men and Women in scenes of dramatic conflict
• Plays examine human flaws
• Macbeth
• Hamlet
• Othello
• Romeo and Juliet
• King Lear

The Legacy of the Renaissance

• Great period of change in arts and social aspects of society

Changes in Arts

• Arts drew on techniques of Greece and Rome
• More realistic
• Secular and Religious
• Vernacular languages used to write
• The arts praised individual achievement

Changes in Society

• Printing made information more available and inexpensive
• More books caused more desire to learn
• Published accounts of new discoveries, maps, and charts led to further discoveries in a variety of fields
• Published legal proceedings made people understand their rights more
• Christian Humanists' attempts to reform society changed views about howl life should be lived
• People began to question political structures and religious practices

1. a. Thomas More wrote a book called Utopia, which was about an imaginary land where many of the negative aspects of life were no more

b. William Shakespeare was a famous playwright who lived during the Elizabethan Era

c. Johann Gutenburg created the printing press, which made it easier and less expensive to distribute information

3. Durer's work proved that Italian Renaissance culture had a great influence on Northern European society

4. Printing made information more available and inexpensive

5. The printing press made it easy to spread information and religious pieces at an inexpensive rate

More Notes

• fashionista and even designed her own perfume
• Patron of da Vinvi, Raphael Michaelgelo, Bellini, Correggio, and many, many others
• personification of how much good a patron can do

What patronage got you

• Nativity, by Antonio da Correggio
• 1529-1530
• 101 in. by 74 in. 

evolving values

humanism

• deep interest in what people have already achieved, as well as what they are capable of achieving in the future
• its not a coincidence that humanism resembles the Greek idea of arete

Classical (ancient Greek, ancient Roman) writings were important to them

Worldly (secular) values were essential- concerned with the here and now

Christian values were still important, but separate from secular values

Renaissance Man, and Woman

Someone who could master many fields of work

Great example of a Renaissance Woman: Isabella d'Este although women were not expected to create art, just inspired artists

The ultimate Renaissance Man: Leonardo da Vinci

painter

inventor
scientist

Artistic Styles and methods- sculpture

Scultors made realistic figures, such as Pieta

Carved from marble by Michelangelo from 1498-1499

Found in St. peter's Basilica in Vatican City

Painting

Painters used perspective- using shadow and depth create the illusion of three dimensions

They sometimes painted Frescoes

• a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid, wet lime plaster
• a pigment merges with the plaster, so the painting becomes an integral part of the wall (or ceiling!)

Literature

• writers wrote in the vernacular- their native language
• Previously, most scholarly ('important") writing was in Latin or Greek
• Now, literature was more accessible to the masses
• They wrote to express their own thoughts and feelings
• Shakespeare wrote in english
• Dante Alighieri (The Divine Comedy) wrote about Hell in italian
• Niccolo Machiavelli wrote in italian
• The theme of Machiavelli's The Prince was that the aims of princes-such as glory and survival- can justify the use of immoral means to achieve those ends

Northern Renaissance

The ideas and attitudes about the Renaissance moved from Italy northward

Up north, the classical (Greek and Roman) learning and the humanistic approach was combined with religious ideas

Learning spread rapidly, mostly due to one major invention...

The printing press (Feat. The Movable Type)

• The Chinese had invented the printing press centuries before, but Johannes Gutenburg revolutionized it in Germany in 1439
• One of them most important and impact inventions in history

European Renaissance and Reformation

1300-1600

Northern Italy: birthplace of Renaissance

Renaissance = rebirth
(rebirth of art and learning)

• cities were center of action
• Milan and Florence had wealthy merchants and bankers
• Artist in these cities were inspired by the former splendor of classical Greece and Rome

Merchants and Medici

• Merchants dominated political life
• The Medici were a powerful banking family
• They paid artist, writers, the musicians to create beautiful works of art
• They were patrons

A Super-Patron: Isabella d'Este

• Educated, brilliant
• A gifted singer, lute player, innovative dancer
• Wealthy, powerful parents
• She sponsored painters, sculptors, musicians

New unit

1. a. Renaissance is a term that means "re birth".
b. Humanism is a term that means an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievement.
c. Secular was a term that means the basic spirit of society back then was worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with here and now.
d. Patron is a term meaning a guardian. supporter or protector of something
e. Perspective is a term which shows three dimensions on a flat surface.
f. Vernacular was a term meaning native language.

3. Both a Renaissance man and woman show qualities of having all types of talents, men more so than women (who mainly focused on classics and being charming). They believed the ideal person did all sorts of things.

4. Italy's cities turned to art as the plague literally plagued businesses and economics, thus creating the Renaissance.

5. Throughout the Renaissance, even church leaders began to have large and expensive worldly possessions. This is because the basic spirit of society was secular. 

TEST ;)

Today we took the test in class. I studied really hard but I know there were like 5 problems I was a bit iffy on. Hopefully I still get an A. That's all for today!


CORRECTION: I checked, and I think I did pretty well, I GUESS WE JUST HAVE TO WAIT!

REVIEW

Latins- Tiber river and Palatine
Etruscans and Greeks- they had many colonies and ideas used by Rome
Tarquin the Proud seventh and final king of Rome
Tarquins son Sextus tried to rape Lucretia (older gentle woman; matron)
Sextus was going to kill her and spread rumors about her and a slave if she doesn't let him rape her
Ends up comitting suicide because of the rumors

new government
democracy
aristocracy(the senate-300 people)
monarch (the consuls)
res publica- the peoples affairs
US modeled Rome's government
Both have executive
both have judicial
both had legislative
both had written code of laws

STUDY GOVERNMENT SLIDES

SPQR- Senatus Popolusque Romanum
law made by "The Roman Senate and people"

5000- legion
80- century


1, 2, &3 Punic Wars

3- carthage is no more, 50,000 people were put into slavery

latifundia- massive estates that were once small farms

bread and circuses (DISTRACTION)

JC crosses the rubicon with all of his men and marches into Rome
becomes VERY popular

triumvirate

made people happy, helped poor people

made friends in high places

serves as consul, governor of Gaul, rivals Pompey

appoints himself dictator while in 6 month dictatorial term (44 B.C.)

grants citizenship to those in provinces, more people in republic, more people can be in senate, creates jobs for the poor, increased pay for soldiers, started colonies for those whom didn't own land

sic semper tyrannis- Thus always to tyrants

he rose to too much power

Octavian ('adopted son') reigns to power as much as JC had

new triumvirate

Augustus- exalted one

Imperator- supreme military commander

Now empire

BUTTTTT starts Pax Romana

He builts roads, postal services, tax collecting, grain supply, public facilities

Final emperor slides
1. Tiberius- Didn't wanna be emperor, left Rome after death of Son
2. Caligula- Pervert, 4 years, Tyrant, assasinated by praetorian guards, senators, imperial court. Tried to bring back Republic
3. Claudius- GREAT ruler, cerebral palsy, may have been looked down upon; killed by poisoning by wife
4. Nero- huge fire in 64, built it more magestic, hugely overspent, raided temples for money; historians did not like him