1. a. Direct democracy was the type of government practiced in Athens which let all adult male free citizens take part in government.
b. Classical art was a large portion of life in Athens. It could be seen in paintings, sculptures around the city and in temples, architecture, and many more places. Art earned money and was a cornerstone of Athenian society. Used to represent the ideal beauty, not realism.
c. Tragedy was one of the two types of theater, which was very important in Athens. A tragedy was a serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war and betrayal. It usually had a hero and then contained his/her downfall. This was because of a fatal flaw, also called hubris, or excessive pride.
d. A comedy drama can be characterized by an exuberant and high spirited satire of public persons and affairs. Slapstick scenes and crude humor. Often politics and respectable people are made fun of.
e. The Peloponnesian War was a heavy loss for Athens. They weren't able to use their normal tactic of sea raids/sea attack, which resulted in heavy losses. They lost all of their food and they had to go into hiding for they feared more losses.
f. A philosopher we critical thinkers who based their thinking off of two things:
- the universe (land, sky, and sea) is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws
- people can understand these laws through logic and reason
g. Socrates looked at how the world looks through science and logic. He questions Athenian society and how people think.
h. Plato was a student of Socrates. He wrote out all of Socrates' teachings and described a lot of his teachings and contemplation. He wrote "Republic" which was a book about the ideal state and philosophy- it was very popular.
i. Aristotle was a student of Plato. He helped foster the idea of Athens as an intellectual destination. His school- the Lyceum- focused on cooprative research- building on knowledge gathered from all over the world. Dreamt of a place where all information is all in one place. He wrote extensively on many topics. He also tutored Alexander the Great.
3. In order to build a better democracy, Percicles decided to increase the number of paid government officials, which meant everyone could hold office.
4. in the Peloponnesian War, Athens wanted to attack by sea, Sparta by land. Sparta ended up burning all of their food supply, and Athens had to go into safety behind their protective walls.
5. His teachings completely disobeyed and contradicted all of the Athenian's values. His teachings were disturbing to them because they went against how they thought and what they did.
Socrates
- looked to science and logic (not the mythological gods) for explanations of how the world worked
- the Socratic Method fostered critical thinking
- "The unexamined life is not worth living"
- Socrates was charged with serious crimes
- Impiety (disrespect of gods)
- Corruption of Athens' youth
- at his trial, he described himself as the gadfly to the lazy horse that is Athens
- did not deny what he had done; asked for free dinners
- found guilty by an Athenian jury, and sentenced by drinking poison hemlock (nasty way to go)
Plato
- was a follower/student of Socrates
- he wrote out Socrates' teaching and described his trial in "Apology"
- Republic was Socrates' discussion of the justice and the ideal state- one of the most influential book on philosophy ever written
Aristotle
- student of Plato
- he helped foster the idea of Athens of an intellectual destination
- his school- the Lyciem- focused on cooperative research- building on knowledge gathered from all over the world
- not exactly but he dreamed of having the sum of mankind's easily accessed in one location
- logic--physics--biology
- ethics--politics--rhetoric
- motion--theatre-poetry
- metaphysics--psychology--dream etc.
He also tutored Alexander the Great
Sophocles wrote a story called Oedipos Rex (Tragedy)
Aristophenes wrote a comedy called Lysistrata
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