Day 3

The Republic Collapses

Economic Turmoil

• Gap between rich and poor is large
• 1/3 of population is slaves in 100 B.C. 
• Small farmers went bankrupt because of larger powerful persons (they were former soldiers)
• Tiberius and Gaius were tribunes who fought for the poor (tribunes)
• Tiberuis spoke about the plight of the landless former soldiers
• They both made enemies of numerous senators and both died violent deaths
• Tiberius 133 B.C.
• Gaius 121 B.C.
• Civil War erupted after their death

Military Upheaval

• Generals looked for power for themselves
• The poor were recruited and owed allegiance to the generals who brought them up
• General could then take over by force with their support

Julius Caesar takes Control

• In 60 B.C., Julius Caesar a long with Crassus, a wealthy Roman and Pompey, a popular genral joined forces
• With their help, Caesar was elected consul and they ruled as a triumvirate for the next ten years
• Caesar took over Gual and ruled as governor
• His campaigns from 58 B.C.-50 B.C. led his troops to conquer all of Gual
• Made him very popular in Rome
• Pompey, his now political rival was worried about his upheaval
• In 50 B.C., he ordered Caesar to come back, through he did not
• On the night of January 10, 49 B.C., he invaded Rome and Pompey fled
• Caesars troops defeated Pompeys armies in Greece, Asia, Spain and Egypt
• In 46 B.C. he returned to Rome
• Because of his support, he was elected dictator for life in 44 B.C.

Caesars Reforms

• Though he was absolute ruler he put in place many reforms
• More people became citizens, more in senate
• Poor people worked, more money for soldiers
• Nobles feared his power, thought he was tyrant who stole their influence
• On March 15th, 44 B.C., they stabbed him to death in the senate chamber

Beginning of the Empire

• After Caesars death, civil war broke out
• Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus formed the second triumvirate, and ruled Rome
• It ended in jealousy
• Octavian forced Lepidus to retire
• He and Mark Antony were then rivals
• While leading Rome against enemy troops in Anatolia, Antony met Cleopatra
• Ocatavian accused Antony of plotting against Rome and another civil war broke out
• Octavian defeated the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra at the naval battle of Actium in 31 B.C., and they both killed themselves
• While restoring parts of Rome, Octavian became unchallenged ruler of Rome and became Augustus, "exulted one"
• He kept title of imperator, or "supreme military commander"

A Vast and Powerful Empire

• From 27 B.C. to 180 A.D., Rome remained peaceful under the rule of Augustus
• This became known as Pax Romana

A Sound Government

• Rome held themselves together through their able rulers
• Augustus was thier ablest ruler
• He glorified Rome and helped it to function
• He set up a civil service
• After his death in 14 A.D. his system of government still remained
• His civil service carried out everyday helped it to remain
• They managed to control an empire stretching through Rome and parts of Asia with many cultures and languages

Agriculture and Trade

• Farming was the industry of over 90% of Rome
• In Augustus' time, a silver coin called the denarius was used throughout Rome
• The Mediterranean Sea was used as trade 
• They traded with China and India as well
• A network of roads across the empire originally used for military also helped trade

The Roman World

• Rome emphasized values of discipline, strength and loyalty
• They were practical
• With this attributes they could obtain the important virtue of gravitas
• Many types of people to form a diverse society

Slaves and Captivity

• Slaves usually came from successful military battles
• treated harshly
• Some strong healthy white men were used as gladiators or professional fighters
• could be punished, set free, or killed based on what their master wanted
• revolted sometimes but not often

Gods and Goddesses

• Earliest Romans worshiped divine forces called numina
• Lares were guardians of each family
• Government and politics were linked
• Gods were symbols of state
• Romans were expected to worship them at private rituals at home or at public worship
• Jupiter- father of gods
• Juno- his wife who watched over women
• Minvera- goddess of wisdom and arts and crafts
• Worship of emperor also became part of official religion in Rome

Society and Culture

• Romes classes were very different
• The rich lived luxurious lives
• Most did not have the necessities of life
• Government provided daily rations
• Behind the beauty of Rome, poor people crowded into inhumane conditions
• To calm down these people, Rome had many festivals, events, races, mock battles etc.
• By 250 A.D., Rome had 150 holidays a year
• On one of these days, the Colosseum, a huge arena that could hold 50,000 held the rich and poor alike
• They watched acts of cruelty, bravery, honor and violence
• Animals fought to death, gladiators fought to the death
• During Pax Romana, Christianity emerged
• Its followers were met with hardships but it eventually became the largest religion in the world

1. a. Civil War is a war within a country. It happened 3 times in Rome most caused by death and rivalry.

b. Julius Caesar was the first emperor of Rome whom had absolute power and got stabbed by members of his government.

c. A triumvirate is a 3 person group of leaders whom lead a country, empire, state etc. It was used in Rome twice.

d. Augustus was a part of the second triumvirate and the final standing member of that group. He forced one of his partners to retire and led another to suicide.

e. Pax Romana is the term used to describe the 207 year peace period in Rome.

3. Generals began to recruit poor citizens to gain more support. This guaranteed support from these people allowed them to gain enough power to over throw the government and become ultimate ruler. 

4. Their system of government and Augustus' idea of a civil service helped to carry out day-to-day operations and keep the empire functioning. 

5. The government ended up adding about 150 holidays throughout the year to hide the fact that thier citizens were treated poorly and to keep them from revolting against them.